What a driver's permit actually is, and what you'll need

A driver's permit is a document that lets you practice driving with a licensed adult in the car — it's not a full license yet. To get one, you'll need to bring specific documents to your state's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), pass a written test about traffic laws, and pay a fee. The exact documents and fee amount vary by state, but the basic process is the same everywhere.

Most states require you to be at least 15 or 16 years old to get a permit, though some allow 14. You'll also need to show that you live in that state. The whole process usually takes one visit to the DMV, though some states now let you start online.

Key Takeaways

  • You must bring a state ID or birth certificate, proof of your address, and your Social Security number or tax ID to the DMV.
  • The written test covers traffic signs, right-of-way rules, and safe driving practices — you study from your state's driver's manual, which is free online.
  • Permit fees range from roughly $20 to $50 depending on your state and how long the permit lasts.
  • Your permit is valid for a set time — usually one to three years — and you must renew it if it expires before you pass your road test.

Documents you must bring to the DMV

Bring an original or certified copy of your birth certificate, or a state ID card if you already have one. If you don't have either, a passport works. The DMV needs to verify who you are and that you were born when you say you were.

You also need proof that you live in the state where you're getting the permit. A utility bill, lease, or mortgage statement with your name and current address usually works. Some states accept mail from a bank or government agency instead. Call your DMV ahead of time to ask what they accept in your area — the rules can differ between offices.

Bring your Social Security number or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). You'll write it on the process form. If you don't have either, ask the DMV what to do — some states have workarounds, but this varies.

The written test: what it covers and how to study

The written test has 30 to 50 questions, depending on your state. It covers traffic signs, right-of-way rules, speed limits, parking rules, and what to do in emergencies. You usually need to get 70 to 80 percent correct to pass — your state DMV website will tell you the exact passing score.

Every state publishes a free driver's manual online on its DMV website. Read it before you go to the DMV. The test questions come directly from this manual, so studying it is the best way to prepare. Some states also offer practice tests online. You can take the written test on the same day you bring your documents, or you can study first and come back later.

If you fail the test, you can usually retake it the same day or within a few days. There's usually a small fee each time you retake it — often $5 to $10.

The process form and fee

At the DMV, you'll fill out an process form — usually called a Driver License or Permit process. The form asks for your name, address, date of birth, and whether you have any medical conditions that affect your driving. Be honest on this form. If you lie about your health or anything else, your permit can be canceled.

The fee for a permit varies by state. Most states charge between $20 and $50. Some states charge more if you want your permit to last longer — a three-year permit might cost more than a one-year permit. A few states charge less for minors than for adults. Ask the DMV what the fee is before you go, so you bring enough money.

How long your permit lasts and what happens when it expires

A driver's permit is valid for a set time — usually one to three years depending on your state. Your permit will have an expiration date printed on it. You must pass your road test before that date, or your permit will no longer be valid.

If your permit expires before you pass the road test, you'll need to get a new one. This means going back to the DMV, paying the fee again, and taking the written test again. Some states let you renew your permit without retaking the test, but not all — check with your state DMV to know what applies to you.

Age requirements and restrictions that come with your permit

Most states require you to be at least 15 or 16 to get a permit, but a few allow 14. Check your state's DMV website to find the minimum age. You'll also need permission from a parent or guardian — you may need to bring them to the DMV, or you may just need their signature on the process form. The rules differ by state.

Once you have your permit, you can only drive with a licensed adult in the car. That adult must be at least 18 or 21, depending on your state — check your permit or your state's rules. You also cannot drive alone, and in many states you cannot drive between certain hours at night. Your permit will list any restrictions that explore to you.

What to do if you lose your permit or need to replace it

If your permit is lost, stolen, or damaged, go back to the DMV and ask for a replacement. You'll usually need to fill out a form and pay a small fee — often $5 to $15. You won't have to take the written test again. Bring your ID and proof of address, just like you did the first time.

If your address changes while you have a permit, update it at the DMV. Some states let you do this online, and some require you to go in person. Check your state DMV website to see which applies to you.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get my permit online or do I have to go to the DMV in person?

Some states let you start the process online — you fill out the process and sometimes take the written test at home. But you still have to go to the DMV in person at some point to show your documents and get your photo taken for the permit. A few states now do the entire process online, but this is still rare. Check your state DMV website to see what's available where you live.

What if I don't have a birth certificate?

You can order a certified copy from the vital records office in the state or country where you were born. This usually costs $10 to $30 and takes one to two weeks. In the meantime, a passport, consular report of birth, or state ID card can work instead. Call your DMV to ask what they'll accept while you wait for your birth certificate.

Do I have to study the whole driver's manual to pass the test?

You don't have to memorize every word, but you should read through the whole manual at least once. The test questions come from it, and you won't know which topics will be on your specific test. Most people can read the manual in a few hours. Focus on sections about signs, right-of-way, and parking — those show up most often.

What happens if I fail the written test?

You can retake it, usually the same day or within a few days. There's a small fee each time — often $5 to $10. Most people pass on the second try if they study the manual more carefully. Some DMVs let you see which questions you missed so you know what to study.

Can I get a permit in one state if I live in another?

No. You must get your permit in the state where you live. You'll need to show proof of your address in that state. If you move to a different state, you'll need to get a new permit from that state's DMV.