An S endorsement means you can tow a trailer or boat, but only under specific weight limits
An S endorsement is a notation on your driver's license that permits you to tow certain trailers. The exact rules depend on your state, but the S endorsement typically allows you to pull a trailer that weighs between 3,000 and 10,000 pounds — the threshold varies by jurisdiction. Without this endorsement, towing a trailer of that weight is illegal, even if your vehicle is capable of it.
The S stands for "single axle trailer" in most states, though some states use it more broadly to mean any trailer towing privilege. The endorsement is not automatic when you get your regular driver's license. You must pass a written test, and some states require a practical driving test as well, to demonstrate you understand the mechanics of towing — braking distances, backing up with a trailer, weight distribution, and how to hook up safely.
If you tow without the endorsement and are stopped by law enforcement, you can face a fine, points on your license, or both. Insurance companies may also deny a claim if you were towing illegally at the time of an accident.
Key Takeaways
- An S endorsement permits you to tow a trailer within your state's weight limits, usually between 3,000 and 10,000 pounds.
- You must pass a written test and sometimes a driving test to obtain the endorsement; it does not come with a standard driver's license.
- Towing without the required endorsement is illegal and can result in fines, license points, and insurance claim denial.
- Weight limits and rules for S endorsements vary by state, so check your state's Department of Motor Vehicles handbook for exact thresholds.
How weight limits work with an S endorsement
The S endorsement is tied to the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of the trailer you are towing. The GVWR is the maximum weight the trailer can safely carry, including the trailer itself. Most states allow an S endorsement holder to tow a single-axle trailer up to 10,000 pounds GVWR, though some states cap it at 3,000 or 5,000 pounds.
Your own vehicle's towing capacity also matters. Even if your S endorsement allows you to tow 10,000 pounds, your truck or car may only be rated to tow 5,000 pounds. You must stay within both limits — the endorsement limit and your vehicle's limit. Exceeding either one is unsafe and illegal.
Some states distinguish between single-axle trailers (one axle) and dual-axle trailers (two axles). A dual-axle trailer typically requires a different endorsement, often called an H or T endorsement, because it can carry more weight. Check your state's DMV handbook to see which trailers fall under the S endorsement and which require something else.
What you need to do to get an S endorsement
To obtain an S endorsement, visit your state's Department of Motor Vehicles office with your current driver's license. You will need to study the endorsement section of your state's driver's manual — most states provide this free online or in print at the DMV office. The manual covers trailer braking systems, proper hitching, weight distribution, and how to back up safely with a trailer.
You will take a written test, usually 10 to 20 questions, covering these topics. Most states require a passing score of 80 percent. Some states also require a practical driving test in which an examiner watches you hitch a trailer, perform a backing maneuver, and demonstrate safe towing. Other states waive the driving test if you pass the written exam.
The fee for an S endorsement varies by state, typically between $5 and $25. Once you pass, the endorsement is added to your license when ready or within a few days, depending on whether you take the test at a full-service DMV office or a satellite location.
States with different S endorsement rules
Not all states use the letter S for trailer towing. Some states call it an H endorsement (for "house trailer"), a T endorsement (for "tow"), or straightforward include towing privileges in a broader category. A few states do not use endorsements at all and instead issue a separate towing permit or certificate.
Weight limits also differ. California allows S endorsement holders to tow up to 10,000 pounds. Texas caps single-axle trailers at 10,000 pounds but requires a different endorsement for heavier trailers. Florida allows up to 10,000 pounds for single-axle trailers. New York sets the limit at 3,000 pounds for certain trailers. Check your state's DMV website or handbook to confirm the exact weight limit and which trailers may have access to.
If you move to a new state, your S endorsement from your previous state may not transfer. You may need to take the test again in your new state to get the equivalent endorsement. Some states have reciprocity agreements and will honor endorsements from other states, but this is not universal.
What happens if you tow without an S endorsement
Towing a trailer that exceeds your state's weight limit without the proper endorsement is a traffic violation. The penalty varies by state but typically includes a fine ranging from $100 to $500, and two to four points added to your driving record. Points can raise your insurance rates and, if you accumulate too many, lead to license suspension.
If you are involved in an accident while towing illegally, your insurance company may refuse to cover the claim. This can leave you responsible for all damage to your vehicle, the trailer, and any other vehicles or property involved. Even if the accident was not your fault, the illegal towing can void your coverage.
Law enforcement can also impound the trailer if it is being towed illegally. You will have to pay impound and storage fees to retrieve it, which can add hundreds of dollars to the cost of the violation.
Renewing or updating your S endorsement
An S endorsement is typically valid for the same period as your driver's license — usually four to eight years, depending on your state. When you renew your license, the endorsement renews automatically if you have not had any violations or suspensions. You do not need to retake the test.
If your license is suspended or revoked, your S endorsement is suspended or revoked along with it. Once your license is reinstated, you may need to reapply for the endorsement or retake the test, depending on your state's rules.
If you lose your license or it is damaged, you can request a replacement at the DMV. The S endorsement will be included on the replacement license at no extra cost.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I need an S endorsement to tow a small boat or jet ski trailer?
It depends on the trailer's weight. If the trailer's GVWR is within your state's S endorsement limit (usually 3,000 to 10,000 pounds), then yes, you need the endorsement. Check the trailer's registration or the manufacturer's label to find the GVWR. If the trailer weighs less than your state's threshold, you may not need an endorsement, but verify with your DMV first.
Can I tow a trailer with a regular car, or do I need a truck?
Your vehicle's towing capacity, not the endorsement, determines whether you can tow. Some cars and SUVs are rated to tow 3,000 to 5,000 pounds. Check your vehicle's owner's manual for the towing capacity. If your car can tow within your state's S endorsement limit, you can tow legally with the endorsement. Exceeding your vehicle's capacity is unsafe and illegal, regardless of the endorsement.
What if I let someone else tow my trailer?
The person driving must have a valid driver's license with the appropriate endorsement for the trailer's weight. If they do not have the endorsement, they are breaking the law, and you could be liable as the trailer owner. Make sure anyone towing your trailer has the correct endorsement before handing them the keys.
Do I need to retake the S endorsement test if I move to a different state?
Most states do not recognize endorsements from other states, so you will likely need to retake the test in your new state. A few states have reciprocity agreements, but this is rare. Contact your new state's DMV to ask whether your current endorsement transfers or whether you need to test again.
What is the difference between an S endorsement and an H endorsement?
An S endorsement typically covers single-axle trailers up to a certain weight. An H endorsement (used in some states) covers house trailers or travel trailers, which may have different weight limits or rules. The exact difference depends on your state. Check your state's DMV handbook to see which endorsement applies to the trailer you want to tow.