The basic requirements vary by state, but every state requires proof of identity, proof of residency, and a passing score on a written test and driving test

Every U.S. state issues its own driver's licenses, so the exact documents you need and the fees you pay depend on where you live. That said, all states require the same core things: you must prove who you are, prove where you live, pass a knowledge test about traffic laws, and pass a behind-the-wheel driving test. Most states also require you to pass a vision screening. The order in which you complete these steps, the specific documents each state accepts, and how much it costs all differ — sometimes significantly.

You cannot get a driver's license without showing up in person at your state's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), Secretary of State office, or equivalent agency. You cannot complete the process online or by mail, though some states now let you schedule your appointment online or renew certain licenses remotely.

Key Takeaways

  • Every state requires proof of identity (such as a birth certificate or passport), proof of residency (such as a utility bill or lease), and a passing written test before you can take the driving test.
  • You must pass a vision screening and a behind-the-wheel driving test administered by a DMV examiner; you cannot pass these remotely.
  • The documents each state accepts, the test content, and the fees vary widely — check your state's DMV website for the exact list before you go.
  • Most states require you to be at least 16 years old for a learner's permit and at least 17 or 18 for a full license, though some states allow younger learner's permits with restrictions.

Documents you must bring to the DMV

You will need to bring proof of identity, proof of residency, and your Social Security number or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). Proof of identity usually means a birth certificate, passport, or state ID card. Some states also accept a Consular Report of Birth Abroad or a Certificate of Naturalization if you were not born in the United States.

Proof of residency means a document showing your current address. Most states accept a utility bill, lease agreement, mortgage statement, or bank statement dated within the last 60 days. A few states accept mail from a government agency or insurance company. Bring the original document or a certified copy — photocopies are usually not accepted. If you have recently moved and your documents do not yet show your new address, some states let you bring two documents showing your old address plus one showing your new address, or a signed letter from a landlord or property manager.

If you are under 18, you may also need to bring a parent or guardian and their ID. Some states require parental consent in writing; others require a parent to be present. Check your state's DMV website before you go, because the rules for minors differ widely.

The written knowledge test

The written test covers traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving practices. Most states draw questions from a test bank of 300 to 600 questions, and you will see a random sample of 30 to 50 questions on the day you test. You usually need to score 70 to 80 percent to pass, though this varies by state. The test is offered in multiple languages in most states, and some states offer large-print or audio versions for people with vision or hearing disabilities.

You can study using your state's DMV handbook, which is free and available online. Many states also offer practice tests on their DMV website. You do not need to take a driver's education course to take the written test, though some states offer discounts on insurance or license fees if you complete one. You can usually take the written test as many times as you need to pass, though some states limit you to three attempts per day or charge a fee for retakes.

The behind-the-wheel driving test

The driving test is administered by a DMV examiner and usually lasts 20 to 40 minutes. You will be asked to perform basic maneuvers such as starting the car, turning, backing up, parking, and stopping. The examiner will also observe how you handle traffic, follow traffic signals, and respond to other drivers. You must bring a vehicle that is registered, insured, and in safe working condition. Most states require the vehicle to have working seat belts, mirrors, lights, and wipers.

You cannot take the driving test unless you have a valid learner's permit. A learner's permit shows that you have passed the written test and are allowed to practice driving with a licensed adult in the car. Most states issue learner's permits on the same day you pass the written test. You must hold the learner's permit for a set period — usually 30 days to six months — before you can take the driving test, though some states waive this waiting period for people over 18.

If you fail the driving test, you can usually retake it after a waiting period of a few days to a few weeks. Most states let you retake it as many times as you need, though some charge a fee for each attempt after the first one or two.

Age requirements and restrictions for new drivers

Every state sets its own minimum age for a learner's permit and a full driver's license. Most states issue learner's permits at age 15 or 16 and full licenses at age 17 or 18. A few states allow younger learner's permits — as young as 14 in some cases — but with restrictions such as not driving alone or not driving at night.

Many states have a graduated licensing system, which means new drivers under a certain age (usually 18 or 21) face restrictions even after they get their full license. These restrictions might include not driving alone with other teenagers, not driving between certain hours at night, or not using a cell phone while driving. The restrictions usually lift after a set period, such as six months or one year, or when the driver reaches a certain age.

Fees and how long it takes

The cost of a driver's license varies by state, ranging from roughly $20 to $200 for a first license. The fee usually covers both the written test and the driving test. Some states charge separate fees for the permit and the license. A few states offer reduced fees for people with low income; check your state's DMV website to see if you may have access to.

The time it takes to get a license depends on how quickly you pass the tests and how busy your local DMV is. You can usually get a learner's permit the same day you pass the written test. The driving test appointment may be available within a few days or may require a wait of several weeks, depending on demand in your area. Some states let you book your driving test appointment online; others operate on a first-come, first-served basis. If you fail the driving test, the wait for your next appointment may be longer.

What to do if you were not born in the United States

If you were born outside the United States, you will need to bring proof of your legal status. This usually means a passport, a Consular Report of Birth Abroad, a Certificate of Naturalization, a Certificate of Citizenship, or a Permanent Resident Card (Green Card). Some states also accept an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) or a Temporary Protected Status (TPS) document. A few states have additional requirements or restrictions for people who are not U.S. citizens.

If you do not have a Social Security number, you can use an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) instead. Some states also issue driver's licenses to people without either, though the license may be marked as "not for federal purposes" and cannot be used to board a domestic flight or enter a federal building. Check your state's DMV website to see what documents and numbers your state accepts.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do I need to take a driver's education course?

No, driver's education is not required in most states. However, some states offer insurance discounts or waive the learner's permit waiting period if you complete an approved course. If you are under 18, your state may require a course or reduce the minimum age for a permit if you complete one. Check your state's DMV website.

Can I take the written test in a language other than English?

Most states offer the written test in multiple languages, including Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, and others. Some states offer it in more than 20 languages. Call your local DMV or check the website to see which languages are available in your area.

What happens if I fail the driving test?

You can retake the driving test after a waiting period, which is usually a few days to a few weeks. Most states let you retake it as many times as you need. Some states charge a fee for retakes. Your learner's permit remains valid while you practice and prepare for your next attempt.

Can I get a driver's license if I have a criminal record?

Most states issue driver's licenses to people with criminal records. However, some states may deny or suspend a license for certain offenses, such as drug-related crimes or repeated traffic violations. Check your state's DMV website or call to ask about your specific situation.

How long is a driver's license valid?

Driver's licenses are usually valid for four to eight years, depending on your state and your age. Most states require you to renew your license before it expires. You can usually renew online, by mail, or in person, depending on your state and how much time is left on your license.