How to Apply for a Driver License or ID Card

What you need to bring and where to go

To get a driver license or ID card, you visit your state's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) or equivalent agency — the name varies by state. You will need to bring proof of identity, proof of residency, and proof of your Social Security number. The exact documents accepted depend on your state, but a passport, birth certificate, or military ID typically work for identity; a utility bill or lease for residency; and a Social Security card or tax return for your number.

Most states let you start the process online or by mail for a standard renewal, but first-time applicants and people renewing after expiration usually must appear in person. Check your state's DMV website to see which documents your state specifically accepts — some states have narrower lists than others. You will also need to pass a vision test and a written knowledge test if you are getting a driver license rather than just an ID card.

Key Takeaways

You must visit your state's DMV in person for a first-time driver license process, though some states allow ID card renewals by mail.
Bring original or certified copies of documents proving your identity, current address, and Social Security number — photocopies are usually not accepted.
You will take a written test on traffic laws and a vision test before you receive your license; study materials are free on your state's DMV website.
Processing times range from same-day to several weeks depending on your state and whether you request expedited service, which costs extra.
If you have changed your name, been convicted of certain crimes, or have immigration status restrictions, contact your DMV before you go in.

Documents you need to bring

You need one document from each of three categories: identity, residency, and Social Security verification. For identity, most states accept a U.S. passport, certified birth certificate, military ID, or passport card. Some states also accept a foreign passport if you have a visa or work permit. Photocopies do not work — bring the original or a certified copy from the issuing agency.

For residency, bring a recent utility bill, lease agreement, mortgage statement, or bank statement showing your current address. The document usually must be dated within the last 60 days, though this varies by state. A piece of mail from a government agency also works in most states. If you have just moved and do not have a bill in your new address yet, some states will accept a notarized letter from your landlord or a utility company confirmation letter.

For Social Security verification, bring your Social Security card, a tax return, a W-2 form, or a 1099 form. If you do not have your card and cannot get a replacement in time, some states will accept a letter from the Social Security Administration. Call your state's DMV before your appointment if you are unsure whether your documents will work.

The written test and vision screening

If you are getting a driver license for the first time or after a long lapse, you must pass a written knowledge test. The test covers traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving practices specific to your state. Most states give you the test on a computer at the DMV, and you usually get your score when ready. You typically need to answer 70 to 80 percent of questions correctly to pass, though the exact threshold varies.

Study materials are free on your state's DMV website — usually a driver manual in PDF form and sometimes practice tests you can take online. Many states also offer the manual in other languages. You can take the test in most states multiple times if you fail, though you may have to wait a few days between attempts and pay a small fee each time.

You will also take a vision test at the DMV. The test checks whether you can read letters and numbers from a standard distance. If you wear glasses or contacts, bring them. If you fail the vision test, you will be told on the spot and can usually retake it after getting new glasses or contacts.

Fees and processing time

Driver license and ID card fees vary significantly by state, ranging from under $20 to over $100 for a standard license valid for four to eight years. Renewal fees are usually lower than first-time fees. Some states charge extra for a REAL ID-compliant card, which you need for domestic air travel and federal building access. Check your state's DMV website for the exact fee before you go in, and bring cash or a debit card — not all DMV offices take credit cards.

Processing time depends on your state and the type of service you choose. Same-day service is common in many states if you pass all tests on your first try. If you request expedited service — usually available for an extra fee — you may receive your card within a few days. Standard processing can take two to four weeks. Some states mail your card to you; others let you pick it up at the DMV office.

Special situations: name changes, criminal history, and immigration status

If you have changed your name since your last ID, bring a court order, marriage certificate, or divorce decree showing the change. If you have been convicted of certain crimes — particularly those involving fraud, identity theft, or driving under the influence — you may face restrictions on your license or a waiting period before you can get one. Contact your state's DMV before your appointment to find out whether your record affects your status.

If you are not a U.S. citizen, you can still get a driver license or ID card in most states, but the rules vary. Some states require a visa or work permit; others issue licenses to people regardless of immigration status. A few states require proof of legal presence. Check your state's DMV website or call ahead to confirm what documents you need. If you are undocumented, some states will issue a license anyway, while others will not — this is a state-by-state decision.

What happens after you pass the test

Once you pass the written test and vision screening, the DMV will take your photograph and fingerprints. You will be asked to sign a form confirming the information on your process. The DMV will then process your process and either hand you a temporary paper license on the spot or mail your permanent card to the address you provided.

If you receive a temporary license, it is valid for driving when ready while you wait for your permanent card. Keep it with you while driving. When your permanent card arrives, destroy the temporary one. If the DMV mails your card, you will receive it at your address within the timeframe your state quoted — usually two to four weeks.

Renewing or replacing an expired or lost card

If your license or ID card has expired, you can usually renew it by mail or online in most states, though some states require an in-person visit if it has been expired for more than a certain number of years. If your card is lost or stolen, you must go to the DMV in person to report it and request a replacement. Bring your identity and residency documents again. Some states charge a replacement fee; others do not.

If you are renewing by mail, send your current card, the renewal form (available on your state's DMV website), and the renewal fee to the address listed on the form. Include a check or money order — most states do not accept credit cards by mail. Your new card will arrive at your address within the timeframe your state specifies.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a driver license if I do not have a birth certificate?

Yes. If you do not have a birth certificate, you can use a passport, military ID, or passport card for identity. If you cannot get any of those, some states will accept a notarized affidavit of identity or a letter from a government agency. Call your DMV to ask what alternatives they accept in your situation.

What if I fail the written test?

You can retake it, usually after waiting a few days. Most states let you take the test as many times as you need, though you may pay a small fee each time. Use the free study materials on your state's DMV website to prepare for your next attempt.

Do I need a REAL ID card to fly domestically?

Yes, starting in 2025, a standard driver license or ID card is not enough for domestic air travel — you need a REAL ID-compliant card. Ask your DMV whether your state's standard license is REAL ID-compliant or whether you need to request one specifically. Some states issue REAL ID cards automatically; others charge extra.

How long does a driver license last?

Driver licenses are valid for four to eight years depending on your state and age. Your card will show the expiration date. You can renew it before it expires, and some states let you renew up to a year in advance.

What if I moved and need to update my address?

You can update your address at the DMV without getting a new card in most states — you just fill out a form and pay a small fee or nothing at all. Some states let you update your address online. Check your state's DMV website to see whether you can do it online or must go in person.

This guide is for general information only and is not medical, financial, legal, or other professional advice. For decisions specific to your situation, consult a qualified professional. See our Editorial Policy.