What a driver license and ID card are, and which one you need

A driver license is a state-issued document that proves you are legally allowed to operate a motor vehicle. It includes your photograph, signature, and driving record information. A state ID card is a separate document that proves your identity and age but does not give you permission to drive — it serves the same purpose as a driver license for identification alone.

You need a driver license if you plan to drive any vehicle on public roads. You need a state ID card if you want an official photo ID but do not drive, or if you want a second form of identification to carry alongside your driver license. Some people carry both.

Both documents are issued by your state's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), though the name varies by state — some call it the Secretary of State, the Registry of Motor Vehicles, or the Department of Public Safety. The process, fees, and required documents differ slightly between states and between the two types of ID.

Key Takeaways

  • You must visit your state's DMV in person to get either a driver license or ID card; you cannot complete the process entirely by mail or online.
  • You will need proof of identity (such as a birth certificate or passport), proof of residency (such as a utility bill or lease), and your Social Security number or ITIN.
  • A driver license requires you to pass a written knowledge test and a driving test; an ID card requires neither.
  • Fees range from roughly $20 to $50 for an ID card and $30 to $100 for a driver license, depending on your state and how long the document is valid.
  • Processing times vary by state and how busy your local DMV is, but expect to wait anywhere from same-day issuance to several weeks for a mailed card.

Documents you will need to bring to the DMV

Every state requires proof of identity, proof of residency, and your Social Security number or ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number). Bring originals, not copies, unless the DMV website specifically says copies are acceptable.

Proof of identity typically includes a birth certificate, passport, consular ID, or naturalization certificate. Some states accept a school ID or military ID if it has a photograph. Check your state's DMV website for the full list — accepted documents vary.

Proof of residency must show your current address and usually must be dated within the last 60 days. Acceptable documents include a utility bill, lease agreement, mortgage statement, bank statement, or government mail. A piece of mail addressed to you at your current address usually works. If you are homeless or do not have a permanent address, ask your DMV what alternative documents they accept — most states have a process for this.

Bring your Social Security card or a document showing your Social Security number, such as a tax return or W-2. If you do not have a Social Security number, bring your ITIN documentation. If you are not a U.S. citizen, bring your immigration documents (visa, green card, or work permit).

Steps to get a driver license

Getting a driver license involves three stages: written test, driving test, and issuance. Most states let you schedule appointments online, which reduces wait times.

Step 1: Schedule an appointment or arrive during walk-in hours. Visit your state's DMV website and look for "Schedule an appointment" or "Book a test." If your DMV does not offer online scheduling, call ahead to ask about wait times. Some DMVs accept walk-ins; others require appointments.

Step 2: Bring all required documents and take the written knowledge test. Arrive 10 to 15 minutes early. The test covers traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving practices specific to your state. You can usually study using a free online manual or practice test on your state's DMV website. Most states require you to pass with a score of 80 percent or higher. If you fail, you can usually retake it the same day or within a few days.

Step 3: Schedule and pass the driving test. After you pass the written test, the DMV will schedule your driving test — this may be the same day, a few days later, or several weeks later depending on how busy your local office is. During the test, a DMV examiner rides with you in your own vehicle (or a vehicle you arrange) and watches you perform basic driving tasks: starting, stopping, turning, parking, and following traffic laws. The test usually lasts 10 to 20 minutes. If you fail, you can retake it after a waiting period (usually a few days to a week).

Step 4: Pay the fee and receive your license. Once you pass both tests, you pay the fee (typically $30 to $100 depending on your state and how long the license is valid). Some states issue your license on the spot; others mail it to you within one to three weeks. Ask before you leave the DMV.

Steps to get a state ID card

Getting a state ID card is faster because there are no tests. You straightforward bring your documents, pay the fee, and either receive the card when ready or it is mailed to you.

Step 1: Schedule an appointment or arrive during walk-in hours. Like the driver license process, visit your state's DMV website to schedule or call ahead about wait times.

Step 2: Bring all required documents and submit your process. The DMV staff will verify your identity and residency, take your photograph, and collect your signature. This usually takes 15 to 30 minutes. You do not need to pass any test.

Step 3: Pay the fee and receive your card. State ID card fees are typically $15 to $50 depending on your state. Some DMVs issue the card on the spot; others mail it within one to three weeks. Ask which applies to you before you leave.

Fees and how long each document is valid

Driver license and ID card fees vary significantly by state. A state ID card typically costs between $15 and $50. A driver license typically costs between $30 and $100. Some states charge extra for a "REAL ID" compliant license (required for federal buildings and domestic flights), and some offer discounts for seniors or people with disabilities.

Validity periods also vary. Most driver licenses are valid for 4 to 8 years before you must renew. Most state ID cards are valid for 4 to 10 years. Some states offer longer validity periods if you pay a higher fee. Check your state's DMV website for the exact fee and validity period in your state.

If you lose your license or ID card, you can request a replacement at the DMV. Replacement fees are usually lower than the original fee (typically $10 to $30) and processing is faster.

What happens if you do not have all required documents

If you cannot find your birth certificate, passport, or other proof of identity, you have options. You can order a birth certificate from the vital records office in the state or county where you were born (search "vital records [your state]" online). You can explore for a passport through the U.S. State Department. You can request a replacement Social Security card from the Social Security Administration if you have lost yours.

If you do not have proof of residency because you recently moved or are homeless, contact your local DMV and ask what alternative documents they accept. Many DMVs will accept a letter from a shelter, a temporary lease, a hotel receipt, or a statement from someone who can verify your address. Some states allow you to use a mailing address that is not your physical residence.

Do not attempt to use false documents or documents that belong to someone else. The DMV verifies information with other government agencies, and using false documents is a crime.

Renewing your driver license or ID card

When your license or ID card is about to expire, your state will usually send you a renewal notice in the mail. Some states let you renew online or by mail if you meet certain conditions (such as no change of address and no medical restrictions). Others require you to visit the DMV in person.

Check your state's DMV website for renewal options. If you are may be able to access to renew by mail or online, follow the instructions on the notice. If you must visit in person, bring the same documents you brought for your original process, plus your expiring license or ID card. Renewal fees are usually the same as the original fee.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a driver license if I do not have a Social Security number?

Yes. If you have an ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) issued by the IRS, you can use that instead. Bring your ITIN documentation. If you do not have either, contact your state's DMV to ask what alternatives they accept — some states have special processes for people without a Social Security number or ITIN.

What if I fail the driving test multiple times?

You can retake the driving test as many times as you need. There is usually a waiting period between attempts (typically a few days to a week) and you may have to pay a retesting fee each time. Some states limit how many times you can test in a certain period or require you to take a driving course before retesting. Check your state's DMV website for the specific rules.

Do I need a driver license if I only drive on private property?

No. A driver license is required only to operate a vehicle on public roads. If you drive only on private property (such as a farm or private road), you do not need a license. However, you still need a state ID card if you want an official photo ID for other purposes.

How do I change my name or address on my driver license or ID card?

Visit your state's DMV website to see if you can update your address online or by mail. For a name change, you will usually need to visit the DMV in person and bring a document that proves the name change (such as a marriage certificate, divorce decree, or court order). Bring your current license or ID card and the required documents. Some states charge a small fee for updates; others do not.

What if I am not a U.S. citizen?

You can get a driver license or state ID card if you have a valid visa, green card, or work permit. Bring your immigration documents along with the other required documents. Some states issue licenses valid only as long as your immigration status is valid; others issue standard licenses. Check your state's DMV website for the specific rules for non-citizens.